The aim of this paper is to examine the role of quality management (QM) in theory and practice using a Contingency theory Perspective. This research focuses on the role of QM in improving strategic collaboration in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) using Contingency theory to apply best practices. Inductive theory forms the basis of the research methodology, which includes case study analysis of five SMEs with repeated interviews (n = 45), focus groups (n = 5), and evidence analysis. According to the research findings, it was found that Contingency variables (strategy, culture, life cycle, and customer focus) and their related types interacted with QM practices and were effective in shaping strategic collaboration between SMEs and their surrounding environment. This process, which is based on Contingency methods, occurs uniquely in each SME and its respective environment compared to the overall best practices.

Contingency management claims that there is nothing as the best universal principle in management. Considering the outcomes of the Contingency approach, its epistemology must be analyzed from the Perspective of the Quran using the interrogative/ cross-examination [istintaqi] method to express the propositions of the revelatory word in rejecting, confirming, correcting, and completing the epistemology of Contingency management as we can eliminate its epistemological shortcomings relying on them. The research findings indicate that epistemology in Contingency management is based on objective and sensory knowledge and ignores supernatural causes and factors in explaining natural propositions. The Quran, while pointing to the shortcomings of Contingency management, considers the subject of knowing God, human-being, nature, and understanding how they are interdependent, and emphasizes that human-being and the environment affect and influence each other visibly and invisibly, and the, refore human-being must take his/her advantage using networking tools by combining a horizontal view of the relationship between phenomena and a vertical and longitudinal view and their relationship with their creator. The results indicate that the Quran, in addition to reason and empirical findings, emphasizes that the best methods that lead to greater efficiency cannot be presented without revelation.

A contingent contract, according to the different definitions of different legal systems is a contract which it's effects (direct or indirect) depend upon uncertain events. The contingent contract is different from contract by chance (chance bargain). by considering varies examples of contingent contracts in different legal systems, We see varies classifications of contingent contracts. In some of this kind of contracts the obligation of one party depends upon uncertain events, For examples, insurance contracts or contracts for life annuity. In some kind of contracts, obligation or things which the parties have to bring is fix, But, After the performance of the contract, the final effect of the contract depends upon uncertain events. For example, some kinds of partnership like a contract between the owner of a land and the farmer to cultivate and divide the product and so on. The quality of some kind of goods, such as growing agricultural products or other future goods which will grow and will be existence in future, The sale of these kind of goods also, should be a contingent sale of goods.

Introduction: Ethical living is a lifestyle in which all areas of human existence and work are formed and flow around ethics. That is, a person who wants to live morally, in all areas, tries to know the ethical considerations related to that area and follow them in practice and live according to them. The current article is research on the moral system of Thomas Aquinas with a focus on examining the nature of the moral goal of human life and the moral rationality of such a life. Material and Methods: The present review study examined bioethics from the Perspective of Thomas Aquinas in a descriptive manner. In order to achieve this goal, articles related to research keywords from Thomson Information Institute, Science Direct and Pub Med were examined and books related to the views of Thomas Aquinas were studied. Conclusion: The results of this study show that according to Thomas Aquinas's view on man, becoming like God and realizing God's image in material life and seeing God in the hereafter is the moral goal and eternal happiness of man. Also, Thomas Aquinas believes in the moral rationality of such a life from both Perspectives-having a reason to live morally and the usefulness of such a life.

Contingency is one the key concepts in Islamic Philosophy, and inquiring in it, how much it be, developes the philosophical knowledge. Considering this point, in this article we intend to investigate in one of the important debates on Contingency, which has been neglected in all the previous studies. Our problem is “the equivocality or univocality of Contingency”. If we say that the previous thinkers have not dealt with this problem, we mean that they have not investigated in the implications and consequences of the problem, and have limited themselves in saying that the Contingency is equivocal. In this article, the Univocality of Contingency has been proved. There are many reasons for this; the correctness of the division of Contingency, the unity of the meaning of its contradictory, and the inducibility of Contingencies are among the reasons for the Univocality of Contingency. At the end, it has been proved by two accurate analyses that the Contingency, what kind it be, belongs to the Existence.

Contingency fee is one of the common institutions of common law legal system particularly in the united state. In this type of fees, the payment of fee is conditional to the results of lawsuit. So if the lawsuit fails, no fee would be paid to the lawyer and if the lawsuit is successful, more than usual amount or a pecent of condemned amount will be paid. Despite accepting theses agreement in some legal systems, there are some limitations in order to make conformity with their own legal system which make different, the importance and functions of it in compare with the U. S. In some legal systems, other institutions with the same function are predicted too. In Iran legal system, despite of freedom of contract, according to article 80 of the law of attorney regulations, a type of Contingency fees which is a part of a demand are prohibited. This paper with a comparative attitude and with insisting on U. S legal system and clarifiying the conditional and Contingency fees and its advantages and disadvantages, defend the accepting of it in Iran legal system.

Contingency Proof is one of the oldest proofs of the existence of God, which enjoys numerous theological and philosophical expositions. What is examined in this article is the conventional form of this proof in the West, which has addressed the temporal Contingency of universe and thereby demonstrated the existence of God. Its other expositions like essential Contingency as well as substantial Contingency, which are of special interest to Islamic philosophy, have either received no attention at all or not clearly stated. In this article, relying on the old and new scientific and theological sources of the West, the writer intends to reappraise and review this issue. Hereby, two rational proofs and two scientific arguments on its most significant premise have been presented. Its two rational proofs stress on the impossibility of actual infinite existence and the impossibility of addition to potential infinite and its transformation into actual infinite; and its two scientific arguments are adopted from the patterns of creation and thermodynamic principles. Bringing up various theories of the pros and cons among the philosophers and theologians, the article proceeds to present a critical review of the above issue.

Theorists of management science divide it into four types: Classical, neoclassical, systematic and Contingency.To day's management is situation and Contingency oriented; that s, it tries to adjust management strategies according to situational unique requirements and choose specific strategies in special occasions.Theorists of Contingency management reject fundamentalism which says management prinaples are the same all over the world – and believe manager's performance is affected by situation. According to the prinaples of this theory, the desirability of management strategies depends on situation, may be inappropriate in another. Therefore, this theory is also called "situational attitude."This study investigates Ferdowsi's management attitudes and comes to this conclusion that he has possessed the specific skills of a modern manager. He is familiar with the latest principles of this science and tries actively to employ the best decisions according to existing conditions, Having complete command on dominant conditions, he motivates people according to their needs and different and appropriate decisions in conditions appeared to be similar. His outstanding, unique attitudes and top, Contingency management can inspire today's managers significantly.

In information security, ignorance is not bliss. It is always stated that hiding the protocols (let the other be ignorant about it) does not increase the security of organizations. However, there are cases that ignorance creates protocols. In this paper we propose distributed Contingency logic, a proper extension of Contingency (ignorance) logic. Intuitively, a formula is distributed contingent in a group of agent if and only if it is not follow from the knowledge of all individual agents put together. We formalize secret sharing scheme (a security property that is built upon ignorance of all agents), and a man in the middle attack to a weak protocol in our logic. We also illustrate a condition where disclose a secret may hide another one for ever. Finally we prove the main theorems of every logics, soundness and completeness. We also prove that the distributed Contingency logic is more expressive than the classical Contingency logic and the epistemic logic.